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If I'm right, segwit TxIDs are composed of the SHA^2(256) hash of the non-segwit data of a transaction. But, how does another node use the TxID to obtain information about the transaction such as the address information.
Am I right in saying that the node with the TxID will send it to a full-node which matches the desired TxID with the TxIDs that it stores with the relevant information which is then sent back to the node? If so, does that mean full nodes store the TxID and the transaction information?
Yes, all txids are calculated only from non-witness data. While many nodes have a complete copy of the blockchain (which does contain all transactions), most nodes do not have a full transaction index. It is generally not possible to request a transaction per its txid via the P2P protocol.
via https://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/p2p_networking.html
Nodes will advertise new transactions to their peers once per inv (inventory) messages. Only the notified peers can then request announced transactions per getdata messages, which prompts tx message responses. Nodes will not serve getdata requests unless they recently announced the transaction to the requesting peer for privacy reasons.
In absence of a prior announcement, a node can only learn about a transaction from a peer by requesting the block it was included in.
You can read more about the P2P messages for example here: https://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/p2p_networking.html
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